Project MK-ULTRA — Intellipedia Article

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(U) Project‘ MK-ULTRA

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MK ULF RA or MKULTRA was the code name for a covert CIA iniiid-coiitrol and chemical interrogation
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research program, nin by the Office of Scientific Intelligence. This official
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subjects.

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U.S. government program began in the
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MK-ULTRA involved the surrep titious use ofmaii y

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Project MK-ULTRA was‘ first brought to wide public attention in 1975
by the U .S. Congress, througliinvcstigations
by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative
efforts were hampered by-the fact that CIA Direct0rRichard I-Ielmsordercd all MK-ULTRA
tiles destroyed in
I973; the Church Committee‘ and Rockefeller Coinniission investigations relied on the swoni testimony of direct

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participants and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms’ destruction order.l4l

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Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran Victor

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Marchctti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinclyconducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA

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mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA

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types ot drugs, as well as other methods, to manipulate individualrneiital states and to alter brain function.
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early 1950s,-continuin g at least throuvh
th c I ate 1960 s, an d it supposedly used United States
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was abandoned a "cover story. "[5][6]

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On the Senate tloor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said:

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The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an
"extensive testing and experimentation" progiam which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all
5'social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration
C°"°' ‘hm f°I MKUPTRA PT°P°5"'
of LSD to "i.uiwitting subjects in social situations." At least one death, that of Dr. Frank Olson, resulted from
these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged Lliat these tesm made little scientific sense. The agents doing the
iiioniloring were not qualilied
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scientific observerslm
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To this day most specific infomiation regarding Project MKULTRA remains highly classified.[8]

Contents
I 1 Title and origins
I 2 Goals
I 3 Budget

I 4 Experiments
I 4.1 LSD
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I 4.2 Other drugs
I 4.3 Hypnosis and Magic

I 4.4 Canadian experiments

_I 5 Revelation
I 6 U.S. General Accounting Ollice Report

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7 Legal issues involving infomied consent
I 8 Extent of participation
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I 9 Notable subjects
I 10 Incidents

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I 10.1 Dr.'Frank Olson Commits Suicide

I 11 See also
I 12 Web links

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I 13 References

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Title and origins
The project's intentionally oblique CIA ciyptonym is made .up of the digraph MK. meaning that tlic project was sponsored by the agency's Technical Scn/ices‘

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Division, followed by the word UL'!‘R/I (which had previously been used to designate the most secret
classification ofWorld War ll intelligence). Other related cryptonyms include
and

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precursorofthe MK-ULTRA program began in I945 when the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was
established and given direct responsibility for Operation Paperclip. Openrtion Papcrclip was a
to

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been identified and prosecuted as war criminals during the Nuremberg Trialsplllol

Several secret U.S. govemment projects grew out of Operation Papcrclip. These projccu included Project
CllA'|'l'ER (established I947), and Project BLUEBIRD (established
Project

I950). which was later renamed to

ARTICHOKE in l95l. Their purpose was to study mind-control. interrogation, behavior

modification and related topics.

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the order ofClA director Allen Dulles on April ts, r9s3,l"l largely in

Headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was staned on
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response to Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use ofmind-control

techniques on U.S. prisoners ofwar in Korcadm The CIA wanted to
use similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested

in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques,‘ ml turd

would later invent several schemes to drug Fidel Castro.

,

Dt. Sidney Gotllieb approved ofan

program
had just

recnrit former Nazi scientists. Some of these scientists studied torture and brainwashing, and several

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MKULTRA

subproject on [SD in this lune 9. I953 letter.

Forpcriments were oflen conducted without the subjects‘ knowledge or
cunsentlm In some cases, academic researchers being funded through
grants from CIA front organizations were unaware that their work was

being used for these purposes.ll5l
ln l964, the project was renamed

MK-SEARCH. The project attempted to produce a perfect truth drug for use in

interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War. and generally to explore any other possibilities

Sidney Gonna’

ofmind control.

Another MK-ULTRA elTort, Subproject S4, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion" program. which used sub-aural
mt-mory.l 5‘
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frequency blasts to erase

Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in I973 by order ofthen CIA Director Richard Helms. it
has been difficult. ifnot impossible,
for investigators to gain a complete understanding ofthe more than l50 individually funded research
sub-projects sponsored by MK-ULTRA and related

CIA

prognrrns.[m

Goals
The Agency poured millions ofdollars into studies probing dozens ofmcthods ofinflucncing and controlling the mind. One I955 MK-ULTRA
an indication ofthe size and range ofthe effort; this document refers to the study ofan assortment ofmind-altering
l.

2.
3.

document gives

substances described as follows: U5]

Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in
public.
Substances which increase the efliciency of mentation and perception.
Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect ofalcohol.

4. Mater-iaLs which will promote the intoxicating effect ofalcohol.
5.

Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases in a reversible way so that they

CKC.

may be used for malingering.

6. Materials which will render the induction ofhypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness.
7.

Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called
"bnrin-washing".

Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use.
Physical methods ofproducing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable ofsurreptitiuus use.
Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis ofthe legs, acute anemia, etc.
l. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down.
I2. Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tcndcncy ofthe recipient to
become dependent upon another person is
enhanced.
I3. A material which will cause mental conftrsion ofsuch a type that the individual under its influence will
find it diflicult to maintain a
fabrication under questioning.
I4 Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency ofmen when administered in undetectable
amounts.
l5 Substances which promote weakness or distortion ofthe eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent efl'ecLs,
I6. A knockout pill which cart surreptitiously he administered in drinks, food. cigarettes. as an aerosol. ctc.,
which will be safe to use, provide a
maximum ofarnnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an trd hoe basis.
l7 A material which can be srrrrcptitiotrsly administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it
impossible for a man
to perfon-n any physical activity whatsoever.
8.

9.

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Historians have asserted that creating
projectslm

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"Manchurian Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was a goal ofMK-ULTRA and related CIA

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MK-ULTRA

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Budget
A secretive arrangement gmnted the
program a percentage ofthe CIA budget. The
‘operating budget in I953, without oversight or accounting.[2°l

MK-ULTRA

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MK-ULTRA director was granted six percent ofthe CIA

An estimated USSIOm or more was spent.l2']

Experiments
CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and nrdiological" means we_re investigated

for the purpose ofmind conn-_ol as part of

MK-ULTRA.ml

LSI)
Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to dominate many ofMK-UI.TRA's
progmms. lixperiments included administering LSD to CIA employees,
military personnel, doctors. other govemment agents, prostitutes,
mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their
reactions. LSD
and other drugs were usually administered without the subject's knowledge
or informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U.S.
agreed to
follow afler World War II.
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ElTot1s to "recruit" subjects were ofien illegal, even discounting

the fact that drugs were being administered (tltough actual use

ofLSD, for example. was legal

in the United States until October 6, I966). In
Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection
ofmen who would be too
embamssed to talk about the e\'enLs. The men were dosed with LSD, the brothels were equipped

with oaevway mi.rrors, and the sessions were filmed for later

viewing and study.m]

Some subjects‘ participation was consensual, and in many ofthese cases, the subjects

case, volunteers were given LSD for 77 consecutive daysml

appeared to be singled out foreven more extreme experiments. ln one
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LSD was evenmally dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too unpredictable in its results,lZ5]

Although useful infommtion was sometimes obtained
through questioning subjects on LSD, not uncommonly the most marked elTect
would be the subject's absolute and utter certainty Lhat they were able to
withstand any fonn ofinterrogation attempt, even physical torture.

Other drugs

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Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one ann and an
amphetamine IV into the other-J26] The barbiturates were released into the
subject first. and as soon as I.he subject began to fall asleep, the
amphetamines were released. The subject would begin babbling incoherently at this
point, and it
was sometimes possible to ask questions and get useful answers. Other experiments
involved heroin, morphine, temalepam (used under code name
MK-SEARCH), mcscalinc, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, sodium pentothal.l27] and crgine
(in Subproject 22).

l

Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the

anxieties," "hypnotically increasing ability to leam and recall

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Ilypnosis and Magic

early I9S0s. Experimental goals included: the creation of"hypnotical|y induced

complex written matter." studying hypnosis and polygraph examinations. "hypnotically

ability to observe and recall complex arrangements ofphysical objects."

and studying "relationship ofpersonaliry to susceptibility to hypnosisfml

increasing

In addition, the CIA used the services ofAmer-ican magician

John Mulholland to write two manuals on sleight ofhand and ttndercover communication
techniques. In I973, vimrally all documents related to
were desooyed. MulholIand's manuals were thought to be among them until a single
surviving copy of each was discovered in the agency's archives around 2008-2009.
Bob Wallace and H. Keith Melton published "Thu Oflieial CIA Mmrrrul
15/
'I7'icIrur_v uml Duct:/rrin/r" to chronicle
this research into the use of illusion for the agency's field agcntsm]

MKULTRA

Canadian experiments
The experiments were exponed to Canada when the CIA recnrited Scottish psychiatrist Donald

Ewen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which
the CIA found particularly interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct
schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. He
commuted from Albany, New York to Montreal every week to worlt at the Allan Memorial Institute
ofMcGill University and was paid $69,000 from I957 to
I964 to carry out MKULTRA experimenu there. In addition to LSD, Cameron also
experimented with various paralytic d.rtrgs as well as elecooconvulsive
therapy at thirty to forty times the nomral power. His "driving" experiments consisted
ofputting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to

months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. His
experiments were typically canied out on patients who had
entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum
depression, many ofwhom suffered permanently fi-orn his aetionsml His
treaurtents resulted in victims’ incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to
r.alk, forgetting their parents, and thinking
three

work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr. William Sargant at St. Thomas‘

their interrogators were their parentsml His
Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey. who_was also

involved in the Intelligence Services and who experimented extensively on his patients
without Lhcir consent. causing sirrtilar long-tenn damagepzl Dr.
Cameron and Dr. Sargant are l.hc only two identified Canadian experimenters, but the
file makes reference to many other unnamed physicians who
were recruited by the ClA.l"”""”'l "“""“n It was during this cm that Cameron became known
worldwide as the first chainnan of the World Psychiatric
Association as well as president ofthe American and Canadian psychiatric associations.
Cameron had

MKULTRA

also been a member ofthe Nuremberg medical tribunal in

1946-1947.13"

Revelation
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In I973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this
order, most CIA documents regarding tlte project were
destroyed, malting a full investigation of MK-ULTRA impossible.
In December I974, The New Ilrrlr 77mc.r reponed that the CIA had conducted illegal

I

domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens. during the
l960s. That repon prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Cornmit-tee,
and by a presidential commission known as the
Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities ofthe CIA, the FBI. and intelligence-related
agencies ofthe military. In the summer of I975.
congressional Church Cotrunittcc reports and tlte presidential Rockefeller Cotrtmission report revealed
to the public for the first time that tlte CIA attd the
Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as pan
ofan extensive program to influence and control
human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline at1d other chemical, biological, and
psychological means. They also revealed
that at least one subject had died allcr administration of LSD. Much of what the
Church Corrtrnittec and the Rockefeller Commission learned

was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector Genctal's olliee in I963, that had survived the destruction
contained little detail.

about MKULTRA

ofrecords ordered in I973.mi However, it

The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church. concluded that "[p]rior
from any ofthe subjects". 'I‘hc comminec noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers

guidelines for experiments."

Fo|Iowi.rtg the recommendations ofthe Church Committee, President Gerald Ford

consent was obviously not obtained

call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix

in I976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which.

among other tltings, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing
and wiutcsscd by a disinterested
party, ofcach such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission.
Subsequent orders by Presidents Caner and
Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation.
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On the heels ofthe revelations about CIA experiments. similar stories surfaced regarding U.S. Anny experiments. In I975 the
Secretary ofthe An-ny instructed
the Anny Inspector General to conduct an investigation. Among the findings ofthe
Inspector General was the existence ofa I953 memorandum penned by then

Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Documents show that the CIA participated in at lent two
ofDepanmcnt of Defense committees during I952.
These committee findings led to the issuance ofthe "vlftlson Memo," which mandated—in accord with
Nuremberg Code protocols—tltat only volunteers be
used for experimental operations conducted in the U.S. armed forces. In response to the Inspector General‘s
investigation, the Wilson Memo was declassified in
August I975.

With regard to drug testing within the Army, the Inspector General found that "the evidence clearly reflected
that every possible medical consideration was
observed by the professional investigators at the Medical Research Laboratories“ However the Inspector
General also found that the mandated requirements of
Wilson's I953 memorandum had been only partially adhered to: he concluded that
the "volunteers were not fully infonned, as required, prior to thei.r
participation; and the methods ofprocuring their services. in many cases, appeared not to have been
in accord with the intent ofDepartment ofthe Array
policies goveming use ofvolunteers in research."

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Other branches of the U.S. armed forces, the Air Force for example, were found not to have adhered to Wilson
testtng.

In I977, during a hearing held by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, to

Memo stipulations regarding voluntary dntg

look further into MKULTRA, Admiral Stansfield Tumer, then Director of

Central Intelligence, revealed that the CIA had found a set ofrecords. consisting ofabout 20,000 pagcs,[35)

that had survived the I973 destruction orders, due to
having been stored at a records center not usually used for such doeumcntsim These files dealt with the
financing ofMKULTRA projects, and as such
contained few deutils ofthose projects. but much more was lcamed from them than from the Inspector Genetal's I963
repon.

In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in I984 on a

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation news show, The Fiftlt E.\'II|1t:. It was
leamed that not only had the CIA fitndcd Dr. Carneron‘s efforts, but perhaps even more shockingly, the Canadian govemmcnt
was fully aware ofthis, and had
later provided another $500,000 in funding to continue the experiments. This revelation
largely derailed efforts by the victims to sue the CIA as their U,S.
counterparts had. and the Canadian govcmment eventually settled out of court for Sl00,000 to each ofthe
I27 victims. None of Dr. Cameron‘s personal records

ofhis involvement with MKULTRA sunrivc, since his family destroyed them alter his death from a heart anock while

U.S. General Accounting Office Report

mountain climbing in I967.im

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The U.S. General Accounting Offee issued a repon on September 28, I994, which stated that between I940 and I974, DOD artd
other national security
agencies studied thousands ofhuman subjects in tests and experiments involving hazardous substances. The
quote from the study:
Working with the CIA, the Department ofDcfcnse gave hallucinogenic dntgs to thousands of"volunteer" soldiers in the
I950s and 19605. In
addition to LSD. the Anny also tested quinuclidinyl benzilate, a hallucinogen code-named BZ. (Note
37) Many ofthese tests were conducted under
the so-called
program, established to counter perceived Soviet and Chinese advances in brainwashing techniques. Between I953 and

MKULTRA

I964, thc program consisted of I49 projects involving drug testing and other studies on unwitting human subjects...p7]

Legal issues involving informed consent
The revelations about the CIA and the Army prompted a number ofsubjects or their survivors to file lawsuits against the federal government for
conducting
illegal experiments. Although the govcmment aggressively. and sometimes successfully, sought to avoid
legal liability. several plaintiffs did receive
compensation through court order, out-'of-coun settlement, or acts ofCongress. Fmnlr Olson's family received $750,000
by a special act ofCongress, and both
President Ford and CIA director William Colby met with Olson's family to publicly apologize.
Previously, the CIA and the Army had actively and successfully sought to withhold incriminating infomtation, even as they
secretly provided compensation to
the families. One subject ofArmy drug experimentation, James Stanley, an Array sergeant, brought an important, albeit
unsuccessful, suit. The govemment
argued that Stanley was bar-red from suing under a legal doctr-ine—known as the Fercs docu-inc, aller a I950 Supreme Court case. Ft:rc.\'
Uttita<lStnte.t—that
prohibits members ofthe Armed Forces from suing the govcmmenr for any hamts that were inflicted "incident to service."
In I987, the Supreme Coun alfinned
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MK-ULTRA - lntellipedia

caseml The majority argued that "a test for liability that depends on the extent to which panicular suits
would call into question military discipline and decision making would itselfrequirejudicial inquiry
into. and hence intrusion upon. military matters." ln
dissent. Justice William Brennan argued that the nced to preserve military discipline should
not protect the govcmment from liability and punishment for
this defense in a 5-4 decision that dismissed Stanley‘s

serious violations ofconstitutional rights:

The medical trials at Nuremberg in I947 deeply impressed upon the world that experimentation with uaknowi.|1g
legally unacceptable. The United States Military Tribunal established the Nuremberg Code as a

who experimented with human subjects...

.

and biological materials, including LSD.

human subjects is morally and
standard against which tojudge German scientists

[l]n defiance nflhis principle, military intelligence oflicials

began surre-ptitictusly testing chemical

.

Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing a separate dissent, stated:

Nojudicially crafied rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged
to have occurred in this
case. Indeed. as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role

in the criminal prosecution of Nazi ollicinls who
experimented with human subjects during the Second World War. and the standards that the Nuremberg
Military Tribunals developed to judge the
behavior ofthe defendants stated that the 'voltt.t'ttary consent ofthe human subject is absolutely essential
to satisfy moral. ethical. and legal
concepts.‘ lfthis principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the
victims are compensated, as best they can be. by the

perpetrators.

This is the only Supreme Coun case to address the application ofthe Nuremberg Codc to

experimentation sponsored by the U.S. government. And while the
Army—and by association the entire govcmment—on notice that use ofindividuals without their consent is
unacceptable. The limited application ofthe Nuremberg Code in U.S. couns does not detntct from
the power ofthe principles it espouses. especially in light of
stories of failure to follow these principles that appeared in the media and professional
liremntre during the I960: and l970s and the policies eventually adopted
suit was unsuccessful. dissenting opinions put the

in the mid-19705.

In another law suit. Wayne Ritchie, a fonncr United States Marshall, alleged
the CIA laced his food or drink with LSD at a I957 Christmas party. While the
govemment admitted it was. at that time. drugging people Without their consent, U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel found
Ritchie could not prove he was

one of the victims of MKULTRA and dismissed the case in 2007.09]

Extent of participation
Forty-four American colleges or universities, fifteen research foundations or chemical or phamtaceutical
companies artd the like including Sandoz (currently
Novartis) and Eli Lilly St C0,, twelve hospitals or clinics (in addition to those associated with
universities), and three prisons are known to have participated in

Mt<ut.TaA.l‘°"“'l

Notable subjects
A considerable amount ofcredible circumstantial evidence suggests that Theodore Kaczynski. also known as the Unabomber, panieipated in CIA-sponsored
MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard University from the fall of I959 through the spring of i962. J42] During World War
Henry Murnty, the

lead

ll,

researcher in the Harvard experiments, served with the Oflice of Strategic Services

(OSS), which was a forerunner ofthe CIA. Manny applied for a grant
funded by the United States Navy, and his Harvard stress experiments strongly resembled those n.tn
by the OSS.ml Beginning at the age ofsixteen, Kaczynski
panicipated along with twenty-one other undergraduate sntdents in the Harvard experiments, which have
been described as "disntrbing" and "ethically
indefensible."[ul['ul

M

Merry Prankster Ken Kesey. author of One Flew (Iver the Cm-I<tm'.t i\'u.\'l, volunteered for K-ULTRA experiments while he was
a student at Stanford
University. Kesey’s ingestion of LSD during these experiments led directly to his widespread promotion of
the drug and the subsequent development of hippie
culture.l“l Candy Jones. American fashion model and radio host. claimed to have been
a victim ofmind control in the ‘60s.l'”l
lnfarnous lrish mob boss James "Whitey" Bulger volunteered for testing while in prison.l“l

Robe11 Htmter is an American lyricist. singer-songwriter. translator, and poct, best knovm for his association with
Jerry Garcia and the Grateful Dead. Hunter
was an early volunteer test subject for the MKULTRA progntm. He was paid to talte LSD. psilocybin, and mescalinc and rcpon
on his experiences. which were
creatively fonnative for him:
Sit back picture yourself swooping up a shell of purple with foam crests of crystal drops

sofl nigh they fall unto the sea of moming creepvery-sofily mist...and then sort ofcaseadc tinkley-bcll like (must l take you by the hand. every so slowly
type) and then conglomerate suddenly into
a peal ofsilver vibrant uneomprchendingly, blood singingly, joyously rcsoundingbells....By
faith if this be insanity, then for the love of God
permit me to remain insane. (McNa|ly 42-43)l‘7l

my

Incidents
l)r.

I-‘rank Olson Commits Suicide

(U) Early on 28 November i953. Frank Olson. a US Anny civilian biochemist and biological weapons researcher. jumped to his death from a hotel room
in
New York City aficr suffering n severe reaction to LSD that he consumed as part ofa CIA-led research program on the intelligence applications ofdrugs and
other bchaviorial modification techniques. The progmm. codenamed MKULTRA, was disclosed in I975 during the
Rockefeller Commission and Church
Committee investigations ofdubious Agency activities and became one of the most notorious episodes publicized during ClA's "time troubles"
of
in the
mid- l970s. Over the years, the revelations about Olson's death have generated many unfounded conspiracy tales that still
circulate in publications and movies

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(U) US Govemment interest in the potential intelligence implicatiotts ofphannaccuticals dates to World War II, when the
0SS's Research and Development Branch conducted research into their behavioral
eITecLs, as well as those ofbiological
and chemical weapons. The US Army picked up on those elTons in the late I940s. Reports at tl1at
time indicated that the
Soviet Union was experimenting with mind-control substances, which heightened CIA's
interest in the development of
dntgs and the investigation of"mind control" methods so it could develop defensive measures
against them.l“l
(U) Alter the end ofthe Korean War in I953 and the return of US POWs from China and Nonh Korea, fears arose that
the
Communist had discovered ways to control minds through "brainwashing" techniques or the use of mind-altering
dntgs,
such as LSD. The purported victims of such treatment would become unwitting pawns of t.he
Communists, who could
"program" them'for nefarious purposes. Feeding this anrtiety in the late l940s
and early l950s were displays of disoriented
or inexplicable behavior by prisoners in Comrnttnist “show trials“ and persistent
charges that Moscow had attempted to
corner the world supply of LSD chemicals, then manufactured only in SwitzerIand.l“]

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(S) Such concems in the aflemtath ofseveral failed Agency operations in Eastern Europe, most notably in

Albania, prompted the Agency's Ofiice of Security
under DCI Walter Bedell Smith to launch an investigation, Project BLUEBIRD, to determine
whether the polygraph or hypnosis assisted by "truth sentms"
could detect “bminwashing" among government employees. Another project growing from
BLUEBIRD, ARTICHOKE, conducted by CIA's Technical Services
Stafi'(TSS), and qflicially launched on 29 October I952, began research and experimenuttion with
a variety ofpsychiatrie and psychological methods
—ittcluding the use ofvarious narcotics—to see if these could alter attitudes and behaviorslfll
(S) Under DCI Allen W. Dulles. who publicly declared that the Soviets were developing “brain perversion techniques"

behavioral programs significantly expanded in April I953 on the suggestion ofllichard
efforts with

in a “sinister battle for men's minds," the

Helms, head ofClA operations. The Agency soonjoined its research
Army programs under the cryptony-m MKULTRA. Run by TSS chiefDr. Sidney Gottlieb. the program came to include I49 separate animal
and

human behavior modification projects. some conducted by Agency and An-ny researchers, but most involving

universities, hospitals, and research institutions operating under contracts that did not reveal

one of80 participating American and Canadian
Agency funding or ussociations.m]
I

(S) As pan ofthcse drttg research efforts, on I8 November I953 Gonlieb met with a group ofClA and
Army researchers at a lodge in Deep Creek Lake. MD. to
discuss work that included the use of LSD. During the meeting, eight of the ten men
present—including Frank Olson—consumed a small dose of the
hallucinogen in a liquor drink passed among them. According to Gottlieb, all present were wining
of the dntgs in the beverage. However, the Agency's intemal
investigation concluded that while Gottlieb had conducted the experiment with Olson's
knowledge, neither he nor the others in the group knew what dntg they
had ingested until some 20 minutes later. In the days that followed, according to Olson
Family members and his colleagues. Olson began to act strangely and
appeared depressed. Realizing that Olson may have a serious ilhtess. Gottlieb referred him for
psychiatric counseling in New York. Olson worsened, and his
associates decided to send him to a sanatorium near Rockvillc. MD. On the night before their
depamrre, Olson crashed through a closed hotel window and
hurtled I0 stories to his death. His CIA companion woke in time to see the suicide but
not prevent it.[“]
(S) Gottlieb rcponed the death to Dulles, who ordered the CIA inspector general, Lyman Kirkpatrick. to

conduct an invcstigation.Kirkpatrick recommended a
reprimand for Gottlieb, who he asserted had exercised poorjudgment in conducting uncontrolled experiments
that “could seriously affect the record and
reputation oftlte Agency." Kirkpatrick further faulted Gottlieb for not knowing of Olson's prior
bouts of depression. implying that the LSD experiment had
acted as n triggering mechanism directly contributing to his dcath. Kirkpatrick and Lawrence
Houston, the Agency's general counsel, expressed dismay with the
casual manner in which TSS personnel conducted the experiments, and were outraged to leam
that that Gottlieb had ingested LSD at least twelve times hitnself.
They derem-tincd that TSS personnel assumed risks irt a cavalier manner that lay well beyond the normal standards oftlte scientific
process. Ilowever, Dulles
ovemtled the IG, and Gottlieb received only an ofi'-the-record admonition. MKULTRA continued, albeit with
significant changes and additional oversight, until
I967: remnants of it continued under another project until I973.l48]
'

(U) Olson's wife initially received word that her husband had died ofa “classified illness" and

the Rockefeller Commission and Church Committee disclosures. did Olson's family hear more

only later lcamed how he had been killed. Not until I975, with
ofthe tntth. They disputed much of what came out and claimed

Army had murdered Olson before he could go public with the details ofthe dntg testing programs. In I976. the family received a
$750,000 settlement from the US Govemment and fon-nal apologies from President Gerald R. Ford and DCI William E. Colby.m)
that the Agency or the

(U) The complete record ofthe case was hard to reconstruct because in I973, at Hclrns's behest. Gottlieb had destroyed his ofiice's records on
MKULTRA. In
I977. thousands of pages of related material about the program ttu'ned up in budget records and, when released
under the Freedom of Information Act. became
the basis for an expose book by fonrter State Department ofiicer John Marks called The Search for the
“Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control.
Members of0lson's family continued pursuing allegations ofAgency foul play for many years but in 2002 announced that they were dropping
the matter.
Joumalist H.P. Albarelli resuscitated the Olson version ofevents in 2009 in a poorly sourced and unreliable book
titled A Terrible Mistake; The Murder of
Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments. Trustwonhy accounts ofthe story are in John
Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline ofthe
CIA (pp. 202~07, 755-58 notes 27-6|) and Benjamin Fischer. Filly Years of Supponing Opcmtiotts. I95 l-200l: A llistory ofCIA's Olliee
ofTcchnical Service
(pp.

t0m6).I“I

'

Sec also
I “Tinker, tailor, soldier... illusionist? When the CIA tried its hand at magic," 'l'om

Scocca, Boston Globe, November 2009 (Media Highlights)
(http://www.mh.cialnews/Mhl 0I09/Tinkcrtailorsoldierillusionist.hu-n)
I (U) New research on influencing the mind: Emerging Technology Alert: Trttnseranial
Magnetic Stimulation (https://ciawirc.cia.ic.gov/documents

0

I

I

'

-

/OCS-ETA086-20l I)

Web links

_

I U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Govemmcnutl Operations with Respect to

6,,“

Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence

4/3/2018 ans

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Project MK-ULTRA - Intcllipcdia

nttpsnltntcttrpcttt£t.tnIcltnI(.tC.goV/W/tn(IcX.php'?IttIC=Pr0jccl__M

(Church Committee report). report no. 94-755. 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, I976), 394
/reports/bookl/eantentshtm).

I U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on

K-ULT...

(hnpzl/www.narcIibraryorypublib/church

Intelligence and The Subcommittee on llealth and Scientific Research ol't.he Committee on

Human Resources, 95tIt Cong., lst Sess. August 3 I977 (htrp;//www.drugIibt1try.oryschaIIerIhistory/eI950/mkultra/index.htm).

I Short documentary about

MKULTRA and the Frank Olson incident (http://www.add-productions.net/lsd)

I The Most Dangerous Game

s

(http://www.:u'chive.orymovieslr.IctaiIs-db.plrp?collection==independent_news&collectionir.l=tmdg)

documentary by independent filmmakers GNN

I GIF scans of declassified

Downloadable 8 minute

MKULTRA

Project Documents (htrp://www.michacl-robinett.com/declass/c000.bun)
I Interview (http://www.democrecynow_org/article.pl?sid=O6/ON
I 7/ I 522228) of Alfred McCoy on CIA mind control
research
I U.S. Supreme Coun CIA v. SIMS, 47I U.S. I59
(I985) 47l U.S. I59 (htrp:/Ilaws.l'tndIaw.comlus/A1I/l59.html)
I U.S. Supreme Coun UNITED STATES v. STANLEY, 483 U.S.

669 (I987) 483 U.S. 669 (http://laws.Iindlaw.com/us/483/669.htm|)

References
Riehelson, IT (cd.) (2001-09-I0). Science. Technology and the CIA: A National Secrr.r-ity Archive Electronic
Briefing Book (Itttp://www.gwu.edu
I-nsar-chiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/). George Washington University. Ren-ieved on 2009-06-I2.
2. Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke tlte Nuremberg Code: CIA
and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals
I.

/healtltsafety/obrclroatlmap/r1cl1relchap3_4.hI.tnI).

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

(http://www.Irss.energy.gov

Atlrtixnry Cnnrnrilwtr tut Hllltmll Rrrdinlimr E.r/;criIrtt'!t!.\' Firtrrl Report. Retrieved on 2005-O8-24.

The Select Committee to Study Govemmerrtal Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Foreign and

Military Intelligence

(http://www.aarcIibrary.org/publib/church/reports/bookI/htrnl/ChurchBl_0200b.htm). Clrrrrc/r Ctrlllllti/lr:t: !1'])III‘I, rm. 94-755. I/-Ir/r (.‘nrrg., ZzI8u_\'.\.
pp.
392. United States Congress (I976).
"An Interview with Richard Helms (hrtps://www.eia.govIlibrary/ccnter-t'or-the-snrdy-oI'-intelligence/kcnt-csildocs/v44i4a07p_002l.htm)",
Cfnlral
Irrrul/igurrcu Ag»-rrr.jt'. 2007-05-08. URL accessed on 2008-03-I 6.
Interview with Vtctor Marcheni (http://www.skepticI'rles.org/soeialis/matcheti.hrm). Retrieved
on Z009-08-22.

M

Cannon.
(I992), "Mind Control and the Amer-ican Govemment", Luh.\1er rllrrgnzinu 23
Opening Remarks by Senator Ted Kennedy (http://www.druglibrary.orglschafi‘er/history/eI950/mltultrn/Hearing0l
Orr Irrrelligeltce. rrrrrI.\'nbcunrnri|Iue (In III-'41/I/I/|IIdSL'it.'IIII:I7L' Rr:.\¢-arclt oflln: (,'rmrn|im:r: (1/r

.hnn). U.S. St-rrnre St-It-cl Cunrmilmtr

Hlmlrrll Rt'.\'n|rr4'|:.\" (I977-08-03).

8.

hnp://www.nytimescomlpackageslpdflnationallI3inmate_I>rojectMKULTRA.pdI'

9.

hltp:l/news.bbc.co.\tltfZ/hi/uk_newslmagttlind4443934.stm
http:/lwww.jIaw.com/Articles/'NaziMedEx.html
Church Cornmittec; p. 390 (hnp://www.narclibtttrytorg/publib/churcltlreportslbookI/html/ChurchBI_0l99b.hu-n) "MKULTRA

I0.
II.

I2.

[Director ofCentral Intelligence] an April I3. I953"
Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Coun DissenLs Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research

was approved by the DCI

Scandals (http://www.ch.doe.gov

,t<lr'i.\'m;r' Currrnri/rec rm Hnmull Rutliuliun Er/)r.'I'in|r:I!I.\'
Fimrl Rt-/mrr. Retrieved on August 24 2005. "MKULTRA.
began in I950 and was motivated largely in response to alleged Soviet. Chinese. and North Korean uses ofmind-control
techniques on U.S. prisoners of

/ohrc/roadmap/ach.re/chnp3_4.hr~ml).

war in Korea."
Church Committee; p. 39I (httpz//www.aarelibrary.org/publiblchurclr/rcpons/hookI/hunIJChurchB l_0200a.htm) "A spccial procedure.
designated
MKDELTA. was established to govem the use oI'MI(ULTRA materials abroad. Such n1ateriaIs were used on a number ofoccasions."
I4. Church Committee; “The congressional committee investigating the CIA research.
chaired by Senator Frank Church, concluded that '[p]rior consent was
obviously not obtained from any ofthe subjects.“
I5. Price. David (June 2007). "Buying a Piecc oI'Anthropology: Human Ecology and unwitting
anthropological research for the CIA " (PDF), Arr:/rrn/m/rr;;r'
7Irda_r' 23(3): 3—l3, DCI: lO.IIlI/j.I467-Fl322.2007.00S l0.x l0.l
llj.I467-8322.2007.005lU.x (hltpil/dx.doi.org/), <https://secure.wikiIeaks.org
/W/images/AT-june07-Price-PTI.pdf>. Retrieved on I3 April 2008
I6. hrtp://www.druglibtary.org/schalTerlI-Iistory/eI950/mkultra/Hearing05.htrn, retrieved
25 April 2008
I7. Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Disscnls Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD
Human Subjects Research Scandals (http://www.ch.doe.gov
/ohre/roadmap/ttchrelchap3_4.html). /lrI\'i.\‘t>r'_\' Committee an llrurrurr Rrulirrliun Erpt-r'irrte!rl.\' Fimrl Re/mrl. Retrieved on August 24 2005.
(identical
sentence) "Because most ofthe MK»ULTRA records were deliberately desnoyed in I973
MK-ULTRA and the related CIA programs."
I8. Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix C--Documents Referring to Subprojects,
(page I67, in PDF document page numbering). (pdl). Senate Select
Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Human Resources (August 3. I977). Reu-ievcd on 2007-08-22.
I9. Ranelagh, John (March I988). The Agt-rrc_v: Thu Rise and Decline (If!/It’ CI/I. Sceptre, 208-ZIO.
I3.

I I

Declassified (httpd/www.michaeI-rohinen.com/declass/c043.ht"m)
Mind Control and the Secret State (http;//www.namebase.org/newsl2.htm|)
Declassified (http://www.michael-robinett.com/deelasslcflI0.htm)
23. Marks, John (I979). T/re Seurchfirr llrc ll//rrrc/rrrr-iurr Cnrrrlitlulc. New York: Times Books, I06—7.
24. NPR Fresh Air. -lune 28. 2007 and Tim Wciner, The I.ugrrI-_v rJA.\hu_r.- Tlrre Hi_\'mr;r 4;/lhr: CI/I.
25. [I] (htrp://www.michael-robinert.cam/declass/c0I I.htm)
26. Marks I979: pp 40-42.
20.

2|.
22.

27.

Marks I979; chapters 3 and 7.

28.

Dcelassified (http://www.michael-robinett.com/declass/c078.htm)

30.

Marks I979: pp l40—I50.

.

29. "The Official CIA Manual oI'Trickery and Deception." Bob Wallace and H. Keith Melton. 2009.
3|. Turbide. Diane (I997-04-2|). Dr. Cameron's Casualties (http:/lwww.ect.orgldr<camerons-casualties/). Retrieved
on 2007-09-09.
32. Collins, Arine ([1988] I998). In Ilu: S/uu/r Rururr: T/re Srury qfCI/I Brrri!l\\'z|.\‘/till): E.\']n'ri!nunI_\' in (_'umtLla.
Toronto: Key Poner Books, 39, 42-J.

33.

Marks 1979; p tar.

I33.

34. Prepared Statement oI'Ad.minrl Stansfield Tumer. Director of Central Intelligence (http://www.parascope.com/ds/doctunentslibntry/documents
/tttltultraheating/nrItultraI'IenringO2.httn)

35.

Goverrunenr Mind Control Records ofMKULTRA & Bluebird/Artichoke (http://www.wanttoknow.inI"o/mindconu-olI0pg#ciadocs/)

36. History0nAir Podcast 98 -

7of8

MKULTRA (http:/fhistoryonair.comI'!page_id=6&id=I23/)

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ApprovedImps.”tmempeuta.tnte|ttint.|c.gov/w/tnocx.pnp‘!tttlc=Pro_|ect_M
for Release" 2018/12/12 C06760269
K-UL’l

MK-ULTRA - Intcllipedia
37.

Quote from "Is Military Research Hamrdous to Veterans Health? Lessons Spanning Hal|'A Century", pan F. HALLUCINOGENS
(I1ttp://www.guIfiveb.org/bigdoclrockrep.cfmllhallucinogens)

l03rd Congress. Znd Session-S. Pn. I03-97: Stall‘ Report prepared for the committee on
copy provided by guIfweb.org, which describes itsclfas
"Serving the Gull‘ War Veteran Com.rnunity Worldwide Since I994". (The same document is available
from many other (unollicial) sites
vctcrarts' affairs December 8, I994 John D. Rockefeller IV, West Virginia Chainnan. Online

(htrp1Iwww:google.eom/search'Iq=%22instalIingtseveral+telephone+hot|ines.+As+of+September+l994%2C+86%22).
independent.)

which may or may not be

38. Ulliltt/SIu!L'.\' v. Slur:/t.'_t'. 483 U.S. 669 (I1ttp://caselaw.lp.Iindl:tw.com/scripts/getcase.pl7navby=CASE&court=US&vol=483&page=669)

(I987)
C 00-3940 MHP. Findings ol'l-‘act and Conclusion
of Law Re: Motion for Judgment on Partial Findings (pdl). Retrieved on 2008-l0-I6.
40. Book Review: Search for the Manchurian Candidate by John Marks (Imp:/I\vww.mvenl
.ne|/manchean.hrrn)
4|. CIA OlTCampus: Building the Movement Against Agency Recruitment and Research
(hrtp:I/‘books.goog|e.co.ulc/‘books7id=d-us-4Wv7DwC&pg=PA]lI&
Ipg=PA386‘:dq=44+universitics+mk+ultm&source=wcb&ots=oSr I O6MLIiH&sig=uGuz7UwkG6ZLdJLsl P6xZGlZwsRs&ltl=en)
42. Chase, A. "Harvard and the Making of the Unabomber(hnp1/www.theatIantic.com/issuesI2000/06/chase.ha-n)",
The Allnnrie Jllunr/tI_t', 2000-06-0l. pp.
41-65. URL accessed on 2008-I0-I 6.
-1]. Cockbum. A; St Clair J (I999-I0-I8). CIA Shrinks and LSD
(hltp:/lwww.eounterpunch.orgIciashrinl<s.html). CounterPunch. Retrieved on 2008-l0-I6.
44. Baker. Jeff. "AIl times a great artist. Ken Kescylis dead at age 66", The (In-gm|im|_
November ll, 2001. pp. Al.
45. Bennett, C (2001-07-0|). Candy Jones: How a leading American fashion model came to
be experimented upon by the CIA mind control team
(Imp://www.forteantimes.cornJl'earu.reslprolilesl-197lcandy _jnnes.html). Fortcan ‘Fumes. Rea-ieved on 2008-I0-I6.
46. Bruno, A. James "Whitey" Bulger (htrp://www.mttv.com//library/crimelgangsters_out|aws/mob_bosses/james_whitey_bulger/2.html).
truetv.eom.
Retrieved on 2008- I0-I 6.
47. McNally, Dennis. A Long Strange Trip: The Inside History ofthe Grateful Dead.
Broadway Books. 2002. ISBN 0-7679-I I86~5.
39. Ritchie v. United States ol"Amcrica: United States District Court. Northem District ofCaIifomia
No.

l

48. https:/Ihisturyandberitage.eia/u-action/pen-nalinl<lHet-itagc20Il

Retrieved from "hnps:/ftntellipedia.inteIink.ic.gov/w/index.php'Ititlc=Projcct_MK-ULTRA&oldid=28I
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i

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