Phenomenological Research and Analysis — Technical Proposal (SAIC, 1992)

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Phenomenological Research
and
Analysis
Technical Proposal (U)

27 August 1992

Science Applications International Corporation

An Employee-Owned Company
Authors:

Edwin C. May, Ph.D. and Wanda L. W. Luke

Presented to:
U.S. Government ww
RFP MDA908—92—R-0164 O be
Submitted by:

Science Applications International Corporation
Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
1010 El Camino Real, Suite 330
Menlo Park, California 94025

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10 El Camino Real, Suite 330, P.O. Box 1412, Menlo Park, CA 94025 ¢ (415) 325-8292
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OBJECTIVE (U) 2.0.0 cece cece eect nen n een n nent e ene e eee an teens 1
BACKGROUND (U) 2.0.00. cece cece ere e ner teen enn n ere e een ence nen eee 2
1. Historical Perspective (U) ...... 0c cece eee cere eee cnet ene ene e nee nennees 2
2. Recent Program (U) 02.6... cece e cece eee eee een ee eee eee ene een tenes 3
3. Proposed New Effort (U) ...... 6. ccc e eee eee eee eee eee e enn ene e nee neees 3
7N'2'2°00).\0) s 0 (0) Bo 4
1. Basic Research (SOW 6.1) (U) «0.0... cee c cence teen eee eee e enn tener eae ees 4
1.1 Biophysical Measurements (SOW 6.1.1) (U) ..... 6. eee e eee ener een eee ees 4
1.2 Data Patterns/Parameters Correlations (SOW 6.1.2) (U) .......--. seen eee 7
1.3 Theoretical Issues (SOW 6.1.3) (U) 0... eee eee cece nec e eee eee e es 10
1.4 Applied Research (SOW 6.2) (U) .... cece e seen cece eee e ene nee n cnet ees 12
1.5 Research Methodology and Support (SOW 6.3) (U) ........ eee eee ee eens 15
2. Quick Reaction Capability (SOW 7.0) (U) 0... cece cece eee nee eee eens 16
GLOSSARY (U) 2... cece cece nen enn erent nen ene nnn aren ance es 17
REFERENCES (U) . 0... ccc c cece nee e enn eee e enn e ener nes 18
RESUMES (U) ... 2. cece cece een n en eee nee n ener n ene e nee n EES 21

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|. OBJECTIVE (U)

eo

(U) The objective of this effort is to pursue, in response to solicitation number MDA908-92-R-0164, the
most promising basic and applied research in understanding anomalous mental phenomena (AMP).

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ll. BACKGROUND (U)

(U) With regard to this proposal, AMP can be divided into two broad categories:

@ Anomalous Cognition (AC): The awareness of information that is considered otherwise shielded
from all known sensory channels.

@ Anomalous Perturbation (AP): The perturbation of physical matter under conditions of complete
physical and sensorial isolation.

1. Historical Perspective (U)

(S/NF) Serious government-funded research of both these domains began in 1973 when the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) initiated a modest effort to determine if a genuine anomalous phenomenon
could be verified and to assess the degree to which it could be applied to general intelligence problems.
Through fiscal year 1990, a variety of intelligence organizations from the military services and the De-
fence Intelligence Agency (DIA) had supported predominantly application-oriented research pro-
grams at SRI International in Menlo Park, CA.

(S/NF) Beginning in fiscal year 1986, the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command
(USAMRDC) initiated the first coordinated, long-term examination of AC and AP phenomena. This
program had three major objectives:

@ Provide incontrovertible evidence for the existence of AC and AP.
@ Determine the physiological and physical basis for AC and AP.
© Determine the degree to which AC data could be integrated into the intelligence community.

(S/NF) The results and conclusions from the Army program were:

© The first objective had been partially met. An information transfer anomaly exists (i.e., AC) that can
not be explained by inappropriate protocols, incorrect analyses, or fraud; however, there was insuffi-
cient evidence to conclude if AP exists.

e Significant progress had been made in meeting the second objective. For example,

(1) The central nervous system (i.e., the brain) of individuals with known AC ability appeared to re-
spond to isolated AC stimuli. These responses were similar to those observed when their eyes
were stimulated directly.

(2) Two physical models have been constructed. One (called Decision Augmentation Theory) sys-
tematizes the data of over 600 separate experiments spanning 22 years in the open literature and
suggests a possible physical transfer mechanism for AC data. The other is a speculative funda-
mental physical model for the type of information that is sensed by AC.

(U) Under the same research program, a number of different physical systems were examined for their
susceptibility to putative AP effects. They included single-cell algae, single alpha particles, and elec-

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tronic devices such as random number generators and piezoelectric strain gages. However, in these
carefully controlled experiments, some with experienced AP subjects, no evidence of AP was observed.

2. Recent Program (U)

(S/NF) Beginning in February 1991, DIA initiated a comprehensive, 18 month, investigation of AMP
at Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC). In that program, basic research was de-
fined as research that is primarily oriented toward understanding the physical, biophysical, physiologi-
cal, and psychological mechanisms of AC. Applied research was defined as research that is primarily
directed toward improving the output quality of AC data.

(S/NF) The primary thrust of that effort was to:

@ Prepare a comprehensive, integrated, 5-year research plan
@ Conduct basic and applied research that supported operational applications of AMP.

Experiments included investigations of central nervous system responses to AC stimuli and physical
properties of AC targets. A complete description of all the experiments and their results can be found in
technical final report.!" We summarize here, however, three major findings.

(S/NF) We found a significant correlation between the quality of AC data and a single physical target prop-
erty, the total change of Shannon entropy. Should this result be verified in a formal replication attempt,
then it can be easily integrated into further laboratory studies and guide the selection of targets that are
likely to yield positive results in operations.

(U) In the same experiment, we determined that it is not a requirement of AC functioning for an indi-
vidual (i.e., sender’) to observe directly an intended AC target.

(U) The results of our megnetoencephalograph investigation is less clear. We uncovered a flaw in the math-
ematical analysis that prevented us from determining if the central nervous system responds to remote stim-
uli; however, we are currently re-analyzing the data with better techniques. The results of that analysis will
be available as part of an extension of the original work.

(S/NF) In very preliminary trials, we observed possible AP effects in special wave detectors.

3. Proposed New Effort (U)

(S/NF) This proposal suggests two major experimental efforts and a variety of theoretical and other exper-
imental investigations. We propose to improve the measurement of psychophysiological parameters to op-
timize the likelihood of observing response to remote stimuli. Because of a direct application potential, we
propose to replicate our earlier finding: determine if the total change of Shannon entropy is a valid intrinsic
property of AC targets. The remainder of this document describes our proposal in detail.

* References may be found in Section V beginning on page 18.
+ For a definition of terms, please refer to the Glossary in Section IV on page 17.

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lil. APPROACH (U)

(U) Each heading in this section includes numerical references to the statement of work (SOW) con-
tained in solicitation MDA908-92-R-0164.

1. Basic Research (SOW 6.1) (U)

(U) Basic research of AMP is defined as that activity that is primarily designed to understand the pa-
rameters of and theoretical basis for AMP.

1.1 Blophysical Measurements (SOW 6.1.1) (U)
(U) Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) will conduct two different biophysical in-
vestigations. SAIC will:

© Determine if the dominant alpha rhythm is affected by remote and isolated stimuli.
@ Determine if the electrical properties of the skin act as indicators of AMP.

1.1.1 Electroencephalograph Measurements (SOW 6.1.1.1-6) (U)
1.1.1.1 Objective (U)

(U) The objective of this effort is to perform electroencephalograph (EEG) measurements for the pur-
pose of identifying neurophysiological parameters that correlate with anomalous cognition (AC). To
achieve this goal, the behavioral setting for the EEG measurements should match, as closely as possible,
that of a usual AC session.

1.1.1.2 Background (U)

(U) Ina series of EEG experiments conducted at SRI International beginning in 1974, the central ner-
vous system (CNS) of individuals was found to respond to remote and isolated visual stimuli (i.e., a
flashing light).234 In the first experiment, during randomly interleaved 10-second epochs (i.e., trials),
either a flashing light (16 Hz) or no light was present in a sensorially and physically isolated room. Sig-
nificant decreases of occipital alpha power of isolated receivers were observed by Rebert and Turner.?
Two replications were conducted in collaboration with Galin and Ornstein at the Langley Porter Neu-
ropsychiatric Institute. As reported by May et al., the results were inconclusive; the first replication
confirmed the Rebert and Turner finding, a decrease of alpha power concomitant with the flashing light,
but the second replication attempt found an increase in alpha power.*

(U) Under another program in FY 1989, SRI International and the Biophysics Group at Los Alamos
National Laboratory conducted an experiment using the magnetoencephalograph (MEG) technique.
This experiment was designed as a conceptual extension of the May et al. EEG experiment, although
there were significant differences in the protocol. Two types of stimuli were randomly presented to an
isolated sender while MEG data were collected from a receiver. The experimental stimulus (i.e., re-
mote stimulus) was a 5-cm square, linear, vertical sinusoidal grating lasting 100 milliseconds. The se-

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cond stimulus, a control stimulus (i.e., pseudostimulus), was simply a time marker corresponding to a
blank screen in the data stream, and was also delivered to the sender. There was no change in the alpha
power, as reported by May et al., but a post hoc analysis revealed a root-mean-square average phase
shift of the dominant alpha frequency.> A key result of that experiment was that similar “anomalous”
phase shifts were obtained for the remote stimuli and the pseudostimuli. Three candidate explanations
for these results were suggested. The observed phase shifts might have been:

@ Spurious (i.e., statistical deviations within chance expectations)
e Electromagnetic artifacts
© Evidence of anomalous cognition

(U) In order to determine which of these three candidate explanations was correct, SAIC replicated the
study in Los Alamos during 1992. In the replication experiment, ten times the amount of data from the 1989
study was collected, including an equal number of control runs, which contained an equal number of trials
with no receiver present under the MEG to check for possible electromagnetic artifacts.

(U) As of August 1992, the final results of our MEG investigations are pending. Using the same analytical
techniques that were used in the 1989 study, we did not observe significant alpha activity concomitant with
remote stimuli; however, we realized, after the fact, that the 1989 analytical technique contained a subtle
flaw. We were attempting to measure instantaneous phase shifts of the dominant alpha rhythm in the pres-
ence of considerable noise (i.e. the signal-to-noise ratio was approximately 0 decibels). Under this circum-
stance, the variance of the phase is primarily determined by the noise (i.e. the Crammer-Rao relation-
ship®). Thus, if there were phase shifts related to the remote stimuli, we would not have seen them, as shown
by the Crammer-Rao relationship.

(U) Aside from the technical difficulties associated with the Crammer-Rao relationship, all of our earlier
attempts to identify CNS correlates to AC did not contain any concomitant behavioral measure of AC, and
the conditions under which experiments were conducted were not similar to those known to be conducive to
the production of AC data. For example, there is no evidence that a flashing light constitutes a valid AC
target. It is also likely that when EEG electrodes are attached to a receiver's scalp or if a receiver is asked to
recline face down in a MEG laboratory, that the conditions for the receiver are not optimal. Therefore, we
have no independent measures that AC functioning occurred in these experiments.

1.1.1.3 Proposed Experiments (U)

(U) We propose to design and conduct experiments to measure CNS responses to AC-stimuli, and since we
will not be initially concerned about source localization, we will not immediately require the special proper-
ties of a MEG, and thus, realize a significant cost savings. Should the proposed experiments warrant, how-
ever, we will provide access to appropriate MEG technology. EEG technology is capable of addressing the
specific variables in the Statement of Work. In addition, we are able to observe all areas of the brain, albeit
with less spatial resolution, with a single measurement—a significant labor/cost savings.

(U) Specifically, we will remedy the problems that were described above in a series of EEG experiments
that

© Use stimuli that are identical to those in standard AC experiments
e@ Demonstrate CNS correlates to these stimuli when they are directly presented to receivers
e Provide a potential for independent, but concomitant, behavioral evidence for AC

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In addition, we will use EEG measures that more closely resemble those used in more traditional psy-
chophysiological experiments.

One such example is event-related desynchronization (ERD). Spontaneous EEG reveals short-lasting,
task- or event-related amplitude changes in rhythmic activity within the alpha band. This amplitude
change or desynchronization is one of the elementary phenomena in EEG. It was first described in 1930
by Berger’ in scalp EEG as alpha blocking, and was later termed ERD by Pfurtscheller and Aranibar.®
ERDs can be quantified as a function of time and can then be used to study cortical activation patterns
during the planning of motor behavior,? sensory stimulation, and cognitive processes.!0.11,12 Kaufman
et al. provide a more recent example of cognitive-process-related ERDs.!5 They found a significantly
shorter ERD when subjects simply responded to a target stimulus, compared with the ERD that oc-
curred when a subject had to search visual memory to determine whether the target matched one pre-
viously presented. Because ERDs can be observed in a variety of tasks, they are a likely variable to use
to study how the CNS responds to AC stimuli.

1.1.1.4 Proposed Experiments (U)

(U) Experiment 1. We propose to replicate an observation by Kaufman et al. of ERDs from visual stim-
uli. We propose, however, to change the stimuli to those that more closely match AC targets (i.e.,
photographs from the National Geographic magazine). Other than that, the experiment will closely fol-
low that of Kaufman et al. The primary purpose of this replication will be to demonstrate CNS corre-
lates (i.e., ERDs) to AC-like stimuli that are directly presented to the receivers. These ERDs will serve
as a system calibration and may provide data for an adaptive filter to enhance the signal-detection of

ERDs when the stimuli are remote.

(U) A secondary purpose of this replication is based upon the results of Kaufman et al. They found a
significant lengthening of the ERDs when their subjects were asked to review internal mental images.
One variable that may be important in understanding AC is mental imagery, since for novice receivers,
mental imagery is thought to be a source of confounding mental noise. More advanced receivers, how-
ever, are able to use mental imagery as a source of valid information. We will examine qualitatively the
relationship between the duration of ERDs for advanced and novice receivers when they are asked to

scan internal mental images.

(S/NF) Experiment 2. The objective is to observe ERDs with AC stimuli. To achieve this goal, we will

explore a variety of approaches to measure ERDs under circumstances that closely match those during

a standard AC session. All approaches will use the stimulus set from Experiment 1, above. In pilot ex-

periments, we will determine an optimal protocol and then conduct a formal experiment using that protocol.

The pilot approaches will include, but will not be limited to:

® Searching for ERDs during a standard AC session while a receiver is writing and drawing. Muscle
artifacts may be a problem; however, we can determine their impact with a few pilot trials.

@ Using a counterbalanced random protocol to conduct a standard AC session without EEG followed by an
EEG session where only AC mental activity is used to access the same target.

We will collect behavioral AC data as closely as possible to the CNS data. In addition, the protocols for
the behavioral and CNS experiments will be as similar as possible. In pilot trials, we will correlate the
behavioral data with the CNS data to determine if behavior can be an a prion indication of a receiver's
performance in CNS experiments. If so, we can use this indicator to enhance the likelihood of observing

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. effects in the CNS data during formal trials. Likewise, we may be able to use CNS data to indicate a

prion performance in operational AC tasks.

(U) In both EEG experiments, standard techniques for sensor placement, artifact rejection, and data
collection will be employed. In addition, a “dummy” lead, which will be connected to a fixed resistor,
will be used to check for possible electromagnetic artifacts.

(U) Depending upon the outcome of the pilot trials, we will use the optimized protocol to conduct a
formal experiment to test the hypothesis that the CNS responds to remote AC stimuli. If the formal
experiment is successful, we will be more able to address a variety of other variables that may be impor-
tant in determining the CNS’s response to AC stimuli. For example, we will than explore the impact of

different stimuli (e.g., audio, various changes of entropy) and whether parameters such as distance, .

shielding, and sender condition affect the functioning.

1.1.2 Electrodermal Potential Measurements (SOW 6.1.1.7) (U)

(U) In 1990 and again in 1992, Braud et al. reported on electrodermal correlates of remote atten-
tion.1415 They found that the electrodermal properties of receivers correlated significantly with the
intense attention, via closed circuit TV, of an isolated and remote experimenter (i.e., p < 0.009, effect
size = 0.59). Four other experiments of a similar nature have been reported in the literature since 1913,
but Braud et al. observed the largest effect size. The technical arguments for the existence of such a

correlation may be found in their report.

(U) To examine the claim, we propose to conduct a replication of the Braud et al. experiment. Using a
balanced random schedule of attention and rest periods of a remote gazer, we will continuously monitor
the electrodermal activity of each receiver. We will explore a number of possible analysis techniques,
but they will include a normalized ratio of electrodermal activity in effort and rest periods, the tech-
nique used by Braud et al.

(U) We will conduct a brief pilot experiment to assure that protocol, equipment, and analysis are work-
ing properly and will modify the protocol as needed during this period. We anticipate that approximate-
ly 20 individuals will be screened for a positive electrodermal response. The five best of these will be
used in a formal experiment. Should the formal experiment succeed, we will add EEG to the protocol

and repeat the measurements.
(U) We will subcontract to the Lucidity Institute to gain access to a well-equipped psychophysiology
laboratory in which to conduct the proposed EEG and electrodermal experiments. In addition, we will

conduct with the Lucidity Institute a few lucid dreaming trials in the same laboratory. In these trials, we
will be looking for brain-wave patterns that might indicate a lucid dream/AC state.

1.2 Data Patterns/Parameters Correlations (SOW 6.1.2) (U)
(U) The search for patterns or correlations within anomalous cognition (AC) is part of basic research,
but contains elements that are applied research.

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1.2.1 Virtual Reality and Subliminal Stimulation (SOW 6.1.2.1-2) (U)

(U) Virtual reality (VR), the construction of a sensorial environment using computers, is a technology,
which is currently at its earliest stages of development. We will scan the appropriate literature and deter-
mine if these techniques may be applied to specific questions in the research of AMP. Specifically, can VR
be adapted as a method of registering an AC response, and thus, improve the quality of the data?

(U) Subliminal perception (SP) is also at an early stage of understanding. We will continue to follow the
pertinent research and provide improved protocols as they become available.

1.2.2 Sender/No-Sender in the Ganzfeld (SOW 6.1.2.3) (U)

(U) Under a previous effort, we let a subcontract to University of Edinburgh to construct a room that is
qualified for Ganzfeld studies. In addition, we let a subcontract to Psychophysical Research Laborato-
ries (PRL) to perform a retrospective analysis of the literature to determine the effects of a sender in
AC-Ganzfeld studies. That analysis was inconclusive because of an insufficient number of studies.!7
Under the same subcontract, PRL developed a detailed technical protocol for an experiment that
would be definitive in determining the role of the sender in the Ganzfeld.!8 Pilot trials for this experi-
ment are being conducted as an extension to the previous effort.

(U) We propose, therefore, to conduct a definitive formal study to determine the role of a sender in the
Ganzfeld. Twenty five of the best receivers from the pilot study will contribute two Ganzfeld trials each.
We propose to examine four different sender conditions during which the sender is exposed to:

© The full video and audio of the target material
@ The video portion of the target only

@ The audio portion of the target only

© No portion of the target material

(U) The latter case is one in which the sender is blind to the target material. As part of the standard
auto-Ganzfeld procedure, personal and psychological profiles will be collected from each receiver. In
addition, we will add the Q-Sort profile. (See Section 1.2.3 below for details.) Full details of the auto-
Ganzfeld protocol can be found in Honorton et al. 19 Tn conjunction with SOW 6.2.2, we will determine
if the sender is important with regard to specific target elements in long-range AC experiments (see
Section III.1.4.2.4 and page 14).

1.2.3 A Heuristic Variable Search, the Q-Sort (SOW 6.1.2.4) (U)

(U) We propose to explore potential personality variables, such as verbalizer vs imager, as they relate to AC

ability through the use of the Q-Sort method, a systematic and quantitative technique for obtaining compre-

hensive psychodynamic descriptions of individual personalities, and through a meta-analysis of the ap-

propriate literature. Using the Q-Sort, we will address the following questions:

@ What personality variables are common to those individuals that perform well on AC tasks? Is there
a typological uniformity?

@ What would an ideal AC profile look like?

@ How do the personalities of individuals who do not do well on AC tasks differ from those who do?

(U) First conceived by William Stephensen, the Q-Sort method has developed into a useful tool for
comparing personality variables between a wide variety of different populations. For example, studies

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have ranged from examining the differences between effective and ineffective liars to analyzing the dif-
ference between individuals who tend to rely upon external visual fields rather than proprioceptive (i.e.,
musculo skeletal) cues in determining true vertical.

(U) For each individual, the method involves sorting 100 cards into nine categories with an assigned
number of cards placed within each category. On each card is written a single psychological statement in
a theoretically neutral form, so as to suggest a continuum rather than an either/or dichotomy. The num-
bers of cards within each category must be 5, 8, 12, 16, 18, 16, 12, 8, 5, respectively. The success of this
method, in general, is primarily because the individual is forced to make limited (i.e., ten) decisions
about him/herself in the extreme categories (i.e., the very most and the very least characteristic) where
the Q-Sort comparisons are most sensitive. Those statements that are sorted into the middle categories
represent statements that are psychologically neutral where the Q-Sort comparisons are relatively in-
sensitive. The Q-Sort is self administered and takes approximately 20 minutes per individual.

(U) In 1989 we conducted a preliminary test of this method using 14 individuals, including three receiv-
ers who were known to be talented in AC. Figure 1 shows the results in a cluster diagram. Cluster analy-
sis assembles Q-Sort scores into groups of similar profiles, and attempts to create groups that are as
different from one another as possible. The result is a visual display of the clusters as shown in Figure 1.
To the 14 receivers, we have added three standard profiles; a normal and two different types of person-
ality pathology.” It is striking to observe in Figure 1 that the pathological profiles are in a cluster by
themselves and that the normal profile is clustered with the receivers.

(U) To date, the Q-Sort method shows potential in that the personality descriptions of the three known
talents (i.e., receivers 009, 454, and 389) were grouped together in a single cluster. By averaging the
personality traits of these three individuals we have developed a tentative AC profile, which is also
shown in Figure 1.

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(U) We propose to administer the California Q-Set version of the Q-Sort to approximately 25 people,
including individuals who are known to be highly talented in AC, individuals who are known not to be
talented in AC, and individuals with unknown AC skill. All Q-Sort data will be entered into a cumula-
tive database where it will be available for analysis. A cluster diagram similar to the one in Figure 1 will
be used to display the results, If the AC profile continues to appear in a different cluster than receivers
who have little AC talent, then we will recommend that a formal experiment be conducted to test the AC
abilities of those individuals whose profiles were clustered with the AC profile.

1.3 Theoretical Issues (SOW 6.1.3) (U)

(U) Theoretical issues include heuristic and fundamental modeling from physics, physiology, and
psychology used to systematize what is known about AMP. In addition, experiments may be conducted
that address specific constructs that are basic to the various models.

1.3.1 Anomalous Perturbation (SOW 6.1.3.1-3) (U)

(U) In conjunction with the sponsor, we propose to design a pilot experiment protocol for an anoma-
lous perturbation (AP) experiment, which will be conducted at a facility specified by the sponsor. SAIC
will provide two AP high-talent specialists to participate in that study. Their participation will not ex-
ceed more than two three-day visits to the sponsor-designated laboratory. Should the pilot experiment
succeed, then we will explore the role of a variety of variables such as shielding and distance.

1.3.2 Theoretical Models (SOW 6.1.3.4-5) (U)

(U) The data from AMP experiments have begun to suggest theoretical approaches toward under-
standing the underlying principles for the phenomena. Most of the previous modeling has been quan-
tum mechanical,?!2? metaphoric,?3 or behavioral?4 and generally has not led to testable hypotheses.
One heuristic model does suggest experiments, but it does not provide fundamental insight into the
mechanisms of AC.25 We propose to explore a variety of different theoretical approaches that are ei-
ther dictated by the strength of the AC data or strongly suggested by fundamental concepts.

(U) Specifically, we propose to examine in detail those theoretical approaches, from among the follow-
ing, that are most likely to provide testable hypotheses (i.e., new protocols) and lead us toward a
theoretical understanding of the physics of AC:

(U) The Einstein, Poldasky, Rosen (EPR) Paradox. The paradox suggests possible information transport
during the collapse of a wave function. The paradox arises naturally when considering two-particle correla-
tions and the effect of measuring the state of one particle, which gives rise to unambiguous knowledge of the
state of the correlated particle even though they may outside each others light cones. While no one any
longer questions the validity of the predictions of quantum mechanics for correlated systems, the fact of that
validity has caused a philosophical revolution. There is no underlying reality—no absolute reality. There is
only reality as defined by measurements made by an observer. This approach is suggested because AC ex-
periments appear to show “correlation” of separated events. While it is doubtful that AC is quantum me-
chanical, nonetheless the EPR formalism might provide conceptual insight into possible AC mechanisms.

(U) Thermodynamic Entropy. For nearly two hundred years scientists have taken the position that the
entropy of a closed system can never decrease with time and that, on the scale of the universe, entropy
always increases with increasing time. Recently however, Steven Hawking has raised the possibility that
macroscopic time or psychological time, the time that we perceive, is actually determined by the change
of entropy.”© The study of classical thermodynamic entropy appears likely to be the most productive

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based upon the results of a recent Shannon entropy experiment?’ and on the extensive evidence for
so-called precognition—AC of targets before they have been determined.28

(U) General Relativity. Matt Visser’s paper on traversable wormholes suggests that it is physically pos-
sible to transport energy (and, therefore, information) can transfer between remote space-time points
without traversing the classical distance between the space-time events.2? General Relativity, there-
fore, is a candidate for a theoretical basis for AC.

(U) Tachyons, It is possible to describe mathematically a fully consistent universe in which everything
moves faster than the speed of light. The particles inhabiting such a universe are named tachyons while,
in contrast, the particles with which we are familiar are named tardyons. The important fact is that nei-
ther particle can ever travel at the speed of light. Photons, of course, are common to both universes.
Moreover, this is a non-quantum mechanical description. Theoretical understanding of tachyons may
assist in defining an energy transfer mechanism for AC.

(U) Physical Interpretation of Potentials. Classical mechanics and, for the most part, quantum mechanics
have treated potentials as convenient mathematical descriptions for which there was no physical instantia-
tion. Recent experiments have shown, however, that a potential can affect a particle even when there is no
corresponding force present. If potentials could be made to propagate, then they could be candidates for an
energy transfer mechanism for AC.

(U) All theoretical approaches will be constrained to provide testable hypotheses. We suspect that if a
reasonable theoretical model can be developed, that it will entail physics mechanisms that can be tested
by traditional experimentation.

1.3.3 Change of Shannon Entropy: An Intrinsic Target Property (SOW 6.1.3.6) (U)

(U) Most previous research has considered AC from a “systems” perspective in that the target and
receiver are thought of as a single AC unit.3431 This is not particularly productive if we are search-
ing for intrinsic properties of target systems to guide target selection. An intrinsic target property is
one that is inherently tied to the target (e.g., size, distance from the receiver, activity, entropy) and
devoid of any external interpretation. Interpretations, such as emotional impact, can be consid-
ered as extrinsic properties of the target or, more precisely, intrinsic properties of the receiver.
Extrinsic target properties are critical when AC is viewed from a systems point of view; however, if
these properties can be controlled in experiments, then it is possible to examine intrinsic target
properties with little confounding interference from the extrinsic ones.

(U) As an aid in understanding extrinsic noise properties of targets, we define target pool bandwidth as
a qualitative indicator of the number of disparate target elements in the pool. Clips from video movies
represent a large-bandwidth pool; such disparate scenarios as Superman in space, a nature segment on
the Grand Canyon, and a James Bond thriller can be included in the same target pool. Conversely, the
well-known Zener cards represent a vary narrow target bandwidth. Our collection of National
Geographic magazine photographs represent an intermediate bandwith; the size and general content of
the material is roughly the same throughout this pool.

(U) We hypothesize that the bandwidth of the target pool is a source of intrinsic noise in the receiver.
We assume that the information that is gained by AC is small compared to other sensory mechanisms,
and the primary mental task for a receiver is to discriminate the AC data from internally generated,

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target-unrelated information. For large bandwidth target pools that may contain almost anything, a
receiver is unable to censor his/her internal experience. Thus, target-related and target-unrelated ma-
terial are equally reported; therefore, large bandwith pools are extrinsically noisy. Small bandwith
pools are also extrinsically noisy but for a different reason. If a receiver is cognizant of all of a limited set
of target elements (e.g. Zener cards), then he/she has an internal discrimination problem. All target
possibilities are experienced with equal intensity because of knowledge about the pool and vivid short-
term memory. Assuming there is weak AC information about the specific target, then target-extrinsic
noise is generated because of the very low signal-to-noise ratio.

(U) By developing an appropriate target pool, which possess an intermediate bandwidth, we may be able to
control for various target-extrinsic noise sources and, therefore, focus upon intrinsic target properties. If the
change in Shannon entropy is an intrinsic target property, then we would expect that AC quality for dynamic
targets should be higher than the quality from static targets. In the previous program we observed a signifi-
cant correlation between AC quality and entropy within the static target pool, but we did not obtain signifi-
cant evidence for AC within the dynamic pool, and thus were not able to determine entropy correlations
within that pool. We speculate that the lack of significant AC in the dynamic pool might be due to band-
width considerations. We propose to improve upon this previous study. Specifically,
© We will develop a new target pool of static and dynamic targets that possess an “intermediate” bandwidth
similar to our existing photographs from National Geographic magazine. Our approach will be to develop
dynamic segments that are similar in quality to the existing static pool, and select frames from that dy-
namic set to construct a new static pool. This will assure that the bandwidh of the two target types (i.e.,

static and dynamic) are similar. The static and dynamic Shannon entropy will be calculated as described
in the technical protocol for the earlier experiment.32

@ We will conduct each AC trial at our Menlo Park facility, and each trial will be monitored. This is in
contrast with our earlier experiment during which receivers were unmonitored.

@ We will provide immediate and full color feedback at the end of each trial. This is in contrast with our
earlier experiment during which feedback was significantly delayed.

(U) With these improvements, we plan to conduct an experiment to test the specific hypothesis that the
quality of AC linearly depends upon the intrinsic target property, the change of Shannon entropy.

(U) We will employ approximately five receivers who will contribute a total of 20 trials each (i.e., 10
trials with dynamic and static targets, respectively).

(S/NF) A successful outcome of this experiment will determine, with a high degree of confidence, if the
change of Shannon entropy qualifies as an intrinsic target property. If it qualifies, then we will be able to
improve target selection significantly for laboratory experiments and intelligence applications.

1.4 Appiled Research (SOW 6.2) (U)
(U) Applied research of AMP is defined as that activity that is primarily designed to improve the quality
of experimental results.

1.4.1 Database (SOW 6.2.1) (U)

(S/NF) As an aid to determining the range and limits of AMP for applications, we propose to construct
an on-line database that records a number of physical, psychological, and environmental variables for
each AMP trial. Examples of physical variables include receiver-target distance and changes in thermo-
dynamic and/or Shannon entropy of the target system. Similarly, psychological and environmental vari-

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ables include scores from the Q-sort personality test, and the Ap geomagnetic index, respectively. SAIC
routinely enters many experiment variables into an existing database, but we propose to update the da-
tabase with variables that are more useful in intelligence applications. In addition, the protocol and
outcome of each trial will be coded into the database.

(S/NF) Once this database contains sufficient numbers of laboratory and intelligence experiments,
then relatively simple queries may reveal ranges or limits to specific variables. We propose to perform
such queries each time sufficient new data are added to the database.

1.4.2 Quantitative Assessment (SOW 6.2.2) (U)

(U) It is now clear that free response AC experiments can generate much larger effects than forced choice
protocols. Hlowever, the problem of determining the quantity and accuracy of information in free response
experiments has not been satisfactorily resolved. Such experiments typically generate both textual and visu-
al information. This information has previously been assessed by ranking and descriptor set methods. Both
methods have disadvantages: ranking can greatly underestimate statistical significance, while descriptor-
based methods suffer from uncertainty as to how to define the conceptual categories used to distinguish
target and response elements. The research described below aims to improve these assessment methods.

1.4.2.1 Neural Networks (U)

(U) Neural networks have been widely applied to image and pattern recognition problems. However,
they have not been applied to the problem of assessing free response AC data. SAIC will explore the
application of neural networks to the existing fuzzy set assessment method. Neural networks will be
trained on fuzzy set encodings of stimulus-response pairs from AC trials by individual subjects. If con-
sistent patterns between receivers’ responses and their intended targets exist, then neural networks can
be trained to recognize them. The trained networks can be used to assess additional AC data sets and
the results can be cross validated against existing fuzzy set scoring and ranking methods. Because neu-
ral network methods can discriminate complex mappings in the presence of noise, the method may yield
more precise estimates of target-response correlation than the current fuzzy set descriptor system.

1.4.2.2 Image Decomposition (U)

(U) Numerous techniques have been developed for image compression. While most of these algo-

rithms compress images by exploiting redundancy in the pixel array, some recent techniques take a dif-

ferent approach based upon image decomposition.*> This “fractal image compression” method relies

on partitioning images into subsets that can be used to reconstruct the original by recursively applying

affine transformations to the subsets. When applied to conventional image compression, the technique

relies on a judicious choice of the original partitioning. It may hold particular promise for assessing AC

responses because such responses seem to be characterized by a limited set of formal elements, which

give a natural set of basis elements or partitions. We propose to explore the fractal image analysis of AC an Ll

responses to verify that such responses can be characterized by a relatively small set of underlying forms. ope

These will be used as the basis set for the partitioning of the target material used in the AC experiments.

Judging schemes based upon these forms can then be investigated. A further refinement will involve
searching for a sét Of optimal basis « elements for the partitioning of targets and responses using an effi-

cient search method such as a genetic algorithm. The goal will be to develop an analysis method that

avoids the arbitrariness associated with descriptor-based methods, while capturing much of the formal

richness of information seen in superior AC performance.

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1.4.2.3 Fuzzy Sets (U)

(U) We will continue to improve our standard fuzzy set approach to qualitative analysis of AC. In par-
ticular, we will determine if the sensitivity of the method can be improved by redefining the visual ele-
ments that are in current use.34

1.4.2.4 Intelligence Application Test-bed (S/NF)

(S/NF) One primary difficulty in assessing the quality of AC in intelligence applications is that fre-
quently there is little or no ground truth. Thus, we have had to rely upon other collection methods to
provide corroborating evidence. Even in those cases, the kind of information that is obtained is fre-
quently not helpful in learning how to improve AC for the collection of intelligence data.

(S/NF) Under an earlier program, we carried on two intelligence-like AC trials.7556 These trials were
conducted just as if they were real-world problems except that the targets were chosen by the sponsor
specifically because complete ground-truth could be obtained. Thus, it was possible to provide quanti-
tative assessment in near-operational conditions.

(S/NF) We propose to conduct up to five such AC trials. We will provide up to four receivers for this
activity. The sponsor will provide a variety of different targets, most of which will contain elements that
would normally be of interest to the intelligence community. As a calibration, we suggest that some of
the targets be AC sites that are used during laboratory investigations (e.g., bridges, buildings, etc.), and
that SAIC personnel should remain blind to the entire target pool.

(U) At the end of each trial, the sponsor and SAIC will construct an evaluation matrix, which may include
fuzzy sets, to compute the accuracy and reliability of the AC session. The results of that evaluation will be
entered into the tracking database so that receiver-dependent historical records will be preserved. SAIC
will provide summaries and raw data in a report at the end of each trial.

1.4.3 Intelligence Applications (SOW 6.2.3) (S/NF)
(S/NF) At the sponsor’s request, SAIC will provide personnel to participate in intelligence applica-
tions of AC. This will include access to up to four receivers for a total of five separate target systems.
SAIC will provide summaries and raw data in a report at the end of each task.

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1.5 Research Methodology and Support (SOW 6.3) (U)

1.5.1 Committees (SOW 6.3.1) (U)

(U) We propose to use the existing committees as support and quality control for methodological and
policy issues. These committees are the Scientific Oversight Committee (SOC), the Institutional Re-
view Board (IRB), and the Policy Oversight Committee (POC).

1.5.1.1 The Scientific Oversight Committee (U)

(U) The five voting members of the SOC are respected scientists from the following disciplines: physics,
astronomy, statistics, neuroscience, and psychology. The membership is as follows:

@ Steven A Hillyard, Ph.D. Professor of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego
@ S. James Press, Ph.D. Professor of Statistics, University of California, Riverside

@ Garrison Rapmund, M.D. Liaison with the Institutional Review Board (see below)

@ Melvin Schwartz, Ph.D. Director, High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Brookhaven NL
@ Yervant Terzian, Ph.D. . Chairman, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University

@ Philip G. Zimbardo, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology, Stanford University

(U) The SOC is tasked with three major responsibilities:

© Review and approve all experimental protocols prior to the collection of data.

® Critically review all experimental final reports as if they were submissions to technical scientific jour-
nals. All remarks are in writing and are included in the final technical report to the sponsor.

© Suggest directions for further research.

(U) In addition to these three responsibilities, the SOC members are encouraged to exercise un-announced
drop-in privileges to view experiments in progress.

1.5.12 Institutional Review Board (U)

(U) The IRB’s responsibility is to assure the safety of human subjects in experiments and to assure the
sponsor that all research involving the use of human subjects is in compliance with all appropriate feder-

al regulations. The IRB members represent the health, legal, and spiritual professions in accordance
with government guidelines. The membership is as follows:

@ Byron Wm. Brown, Jr., Ph.D. Biostatistics, Stanford University

© Gary R. Fujimoto, M.D. Occupational Medicine, Palo Alto Medical Foundation

@ John Hanley, M.D. . Neuropsychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles

@ Robert B. Livingston, M.D. Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego

© Robin P. Michelson, M.D. Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco

@ Ronald Y. Nakasone, Ph.D. Buddhist Studies, Institute of Buddhist Studies, Berkeley, CA
© Garrison Rapmund, M.D. (Chair) Air Force Science Advisory Board

© Louis J. West, M.D. Neuropsychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles

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1.5.13 Policy Oversight Committee (U)

(S/NF) The POC’s responsibility is to advise SAIC and assure the Defence Intelligence Agency that
the activity under this contract fulfills the requirements of the intelligence community and the Depart-
ment of Defense. In addition, the POC recommends policy for the establishment of a long-term pro-

gram for the application of AMP to problems of interest to these communities.

1.5.2 Management and Research Support (SOW 6.3.2) (U)
(U) We will provide technical, management, and administrative support for all research activity, which
will include the production of financial and interim technical reports.

1.5.3 National/International Conferences (SOW 6.3.3) (U)
(U) We will provide SAIC personnel to attend selected national/international conferences that relate
to biophysics, AMP, and neuroscience.

2. Quick Reaction Capability (SOW 7.0) (U)

(U) We propose to reserve approximately five percent of the program effort in order to respond rapidly
to the sponsor’s request for briefings, technical papers, conference attendance, or unanticipated ex-
periments or applications.

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IV. GLOSSARY (U)

(U) Not all the terms defined below are germane to this report, but they are included here for complete-
ness, In a typical anomalous mental phenomena (AMP) task, we define:

e¢ AC—A form of information transfer in which all known sensorial stimuli are absent. That is, some
individuals are able to gain access, by as yet an unknown process, to information that is not available
to the known sensorial channels.

@ Agent—An individual who attempts to influence a target system.
© Analyst—-An individual who provides a quantitative measure of AC.

@ Feedback—After a response has been secured, information about the intended target is displayed to
the receiver.

° itor——An individual who monitors an AC session to facilitate data collection.

@ Protocol-—A template for conducting a structured data collection session.

° iver-—An individual who attempts to perceive and report information about a target.

© Response—Material that is produced during an AC session in response to the intended target.

© Sender/Beacon—An individual who, while receiving direct sensorial stimuli from an intended target,
acts as a putative transmitter to the receiver.

® Session—A time period during which AC data are collected.

© Specialty-—A given receiver’s ability to be particularly successful with a given class of targets (e.g.,
people as opposed to buildings). ;

© Target—An item that is the focus of an AMP task (e.g., person, place, thing, event).

© Target Designation—A method by which a specific target, against the backdrop of all other possible
targets, is identified to the receiver (e.g., geographical coordinates).

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V. REFERENCES (U)

(U) All titles are unclassified.

The technical final report for SAIC project 01-187-07-406 is nearing completion as of August 1992.

C. S$. Rebert and A. Turner, “EEG Spectrum Analysis Techniques Applied to the Problem of PSI
Phenomena,” Physician’s Drug Manual, Vol. 5, No. 9-12, pp. 82-88 (December 1974)
UNCLASSIFIED. .

R. Targ, E. C. May, H. E. Puthoff, D. Galin, and R. Ornstein, “Sensing of Remote EM Sources
(Physiological COrrelates),” Final Report, Project 4540, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
(1977) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. C. May, R. Targ, and H. E. Puthoff, “Possible EEG Correlates to Remote Stimuli Under
Conditions of Sensory Shielding,” Electro/77 Professional Program, Meeting of the IEEE, New
York (April 1977) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. C. May, W. L. W. Luke, V. V. Trask, and T. J. Frivold, “Observation of Neuromagnetic Fields in
Response to Remote Stimuli,” Proceedings of Presented Papers, The Parapsychological Association
33rd Annual Convention, Chevy Chase, MD, pp 168-185, (August 1990) UNCLASSIFIED.

B. Boashash, “Estimating and Interpreting the Instantaneous Frequence of a Signal—Part 1:
Fundamentals,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 519-538 (April 1992) UNCLASSIFIED.

H. Berger, “Uber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen, J. Psychol. Neuro., Vol 40. pp.
160-179 (1930). UNCLASSIFIED.

G. Pfurtscheller and A. Aranibar, “Event-related Cortical Desynchronization Detected by Power
Measurements of Scalp EEG,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 42, pp.
817-826 (!977) UNCLASSIFIED.

G. Pfurtscheller and A. Aranibar, “Evaluation of Event-related Desynchronization (ERD)
Preceding and Following Self-paced Movement,” Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology, Vol. 46, pp. 138-146 (!979) UNCLASSIFIED.

G. Pfurtscheller, G. Lindinger, und W. Klimesch, “Dynamisches EEG-Mapping—Bildgebendes
Verfahren fuer die Unterschung Perzeptiver, Motorischer und Kognitiver Hirnleistunger,” Z.
EEG-EMG, Vol 17. pp. 113-116 (1986) UNCLASSIFIED.

W. Klimesch, G. Pfurtscheller, und G. Lindinger, “Das Corticale Aktivierungsmuster bei Verbalen
Gedaechtnisaufgaben,” Sprache Kognition, pp. 140-154 (1987) UNCLASSIFIED.

J. Sergeant, R. Geuze, and W. Van Winsum, “Event-related Desynchronization and P300,”
Psychophysiology, Vol. 24, pp. 272-277 (1987) UNCLASSIFIED.

L. Kaufman, B. Schwartz, C. Salustri, and S. J. Williamson, “Modulation of Spontaneous Brain

Activity during Mental Imagery,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 124-132
(1990) UNCLASSIFIED.

W. Braud, D. Shafer, and S. Andrews, “Electrodermal Correlates of Remote Attention:
Autonomic Reactions to and Unseen Gaze,” Proceedings of the Parapsychological Association 33rd
Annual Convention, Chevy Chase, MD (August 1990) UNCLASSIFIED.

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15.

W. Braud, D. Shafer, and S. Andrews, “Further Studies of Autonomic Detection of Remote
Staring: Replications, New Control Procedures, and Personality Correlates,” Proceedings of the
Parapsychological Association 35rd Annual Convention, Las Vegas, NV (August 1992)
UNCLASSIFIED.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

C. Honorton, “Impact of the Sender in Ganzfeld Communication: Meta-Analysis and Power
Estimates,” Final Report, Psychophysical Research Laboratories (1992) UNCLASSIFIED.

C. Honorton, “Effects of the Sender on Anomalous Communication in the Ganzfeld: Research
Protocol,” Final Report, Psychophysical Research Laboratories (1992) UNCLASSIFIED.

C. Honorton, R. E. Berger, M. P. Varvoglis, M. Quant, E. I. Schechter, and D. C. Ferrari, “Psi
Communication in the Ganzfeld,” Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 54, pp. 99-137 (June 1990)
UNCLASSIFIED.

J. Block, The Q-Sort Method in Personality Assessment and Psychiatric Research, Consulting
Psychologists Press, Inc., Palo Alto, CA (1978) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. H. Walker, “Quantum Mechanics/PSI Phenomena: The Theory and Suggestions for New
Experiments,” The Journal of Research in PSI Phenomena, Vol. 1. No. 1, pp. 38-52 (1976)

UNCLASSIFIED.

E. H. Walker, “A Comparison of the Intuitive Data Sorting and Quantum Mechanical Observer
Theories,” The Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 51. No. 3, pp. 217-228 (1987) UNCLASSIFIED.

R. G. Jahn and B. J. Dunne, Margins of Reality: The Role of Consciousness in the Physical World,
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Orlando, FL (1987) UNCLASSIFIED.

R. G. Stanford, “An Experimentally Testable Model for Spontaneous PSI Events,” Journal of the
American Society for Psychical Research, Vol, 68, pp. 34-57 (1974) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. C. May, “Intuitive Data Sorting: An Informational Model of Psychoenergetic Functioning,”
Final Report—Objective E, Tasks 3 and 4, Project 1291, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA
(December 1986) UNCLASSIFIED.

S. W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time: From the BIg Bang to Black Holes, Bantam Books, New
York, NY (1988) UNCLASSIFIED.

28,

29.

30.

31.

32.

C. Honorton and D. C. Ferrari, “‘Future Telling:’ A Meta-analysis of Forced-choice Precognition
Experiments, 1935-1987,” Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 53, pp. 282-308 (December 1989).

M. Visser, “Traversable Wormholes: Some Simple Examples,” Physical Review D, Vol. 39, No. 10,
pp. 3182-3184 (May 1989) UNCLASSIFIED.

D. L. Delanoy, “Characteristics of Successful Free-Response Targets: Experimental Findings and
Observations,” Proceedings of Presented Papers of the Parapsychological Association 31st
Annual Convention, pp. 230-246, Montreal, Canada (August 1988) UNCLASSIFIED.

C. Watt, “Characteristics of Successful Free-Response Targets: Theoretical Considerations,”
Proceedings of Presented Papers of the Parapsychological Association 31st Annual Convention,
pp. 247-263, Montreal, Canada (August 1988) UNCLASSIFIED.

E. C. May and N. D. Lantz, “Target and Sender Dependencies in Anomalous Cognition,”
Technical Protocol, Project 1-187-07-406-10, SAIC, Menlo Park, CA (December 1991)
UNCLASSIFIED.

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33. R.D. Boss and E.W. Jacobs, “Fractal—Based Image Compression,” NOSC Technical Report 1315,
Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego CA 92152~5000, (September 1989) UNCLASSIFIED

34. E.C. May, J. M. Utts, B. S. Humphrey, W. L. W. Luke, T. J. Frivold and V. V. Trask, “Advances in
Remote-Viewing Analysis,” Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 54, pp. 194—228 (September, 1990)
UNCLASSIFIED.

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Vi. RESUMES (U)

(VU) All the following resumes are unclassified.

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Edwin C. May, Ph.D.
Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory

EDUCATION Ph.D., Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 1968
B.S., Physics, University of Rochester, 1962
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
1991 — Date Director, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory
Science Applications International Corporation, Menlo Park,
California
1985 — 1990 Program Manager, Cognitive Sciences Program
SRI International, Menlo Park, California
1979 — 1985 Senior Research Physicist for the Psychoenergetics Program
SRI International, Menlo Park, California
1976 — 1979 Consultant to the Psychoenergetics Program
SRI International, Menlo Park, California
1973 — 1979 Research Conslultant and Hardware Engineer
The Biofeedback Institute of San Francisco, San Francisco, California
1972 — 1979 Technical Consultant and Software Engineer
Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, California
1972 — 1976 Physics Instructor
City College of San Francisco, San Francisco, California
1972 — 1976 Technical Consultant
Psychophysical Research Laboratories, Princeton, New Jersey
1968 — 1971 Postdoctoral Fellow
University of California, Davis,California
1960 — 1964 Summer Position, Earh and Planetary Sciences Department

The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California

SPECIALIZED EXPERIENCE

Currently, Dr. May is the Director of the Cognitive Sciences Laboratory (CSL) which currently employs
over twenty full or part-time researchers from a variety of disciplines. He refined his management skills
while being the Program Manager for a similar, five-year program at SRI International. Dr. May has
been involved in various forms of anomalous cognition research for over 19 years. Prior to that, he accu-
mulated over 12 years experience in experimental physics research, nuclear reaction mechanisms, and
nuclear structure. His accelerator experience includes a three-stage tandem Van de Graaff (18 Mev); a
76-inch, variable energy cyclotron (50 Mev); an FM cyclotron (450 Mev protons); fixed frequency cyclo-
tron (8 Mev); FN tandem Van de Graaff (18 Mev); and an EP tandem Van de Graaff (30 Mev). Other
specialize experience includes four years of y-ray spectroscopy (on and off line), one year of trace-ele-
ment analysis (x-ray, and @ particle techniques), numerical analysis, Monte Carlo techniques, digital
signal processing, and cardiac blood flow research.

For over thirty years, Dr. May has participated in the design and construction of fast (< 0.1 ns) digital
electronics, and in the programming and implementation of sophisticated computer systems. Platforms
include UNIX workstations and various main frames. Besides C, Dr. May is fluent in Fortran and a

variety of assembly and 4GL languages.

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